GOVERNMENT SUPERVISION IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE: CRITERIA FOR SEPARATION FROM CONTROL AND GUARDIANSHIP

The article examines government supervision in the system of public authority of the Russian Empire as a form of state influence on local institutions, requiring separation from control and administrative guardianship. The relevance of the topic is due to the lack of a uniform approach to the relationship between the concepts of «supervision», «control» and «guardianship» in the historical and legal and theoretical literature, as well as the need to establish how the pre-revolutionary use of these concepts correlates with their modern theoretical and legal differentiation. Special attention is paid to identifying signs of government supervision, its connection with ensuring legality and compliance with the limits of competence of local institutions established by the state. A distinction is made between supervision, control and guardianship  according to the subject of review, the limits of administrative intervention and the legal consequences for the local institution. It is shown that in the pre-revolutionary material, these concepts were not always consistently distinguished terminologically, therefore, the content of the relevant powers is crucial. It is concluded that government supervision in the Russian Empire can be characterized as primarily a legal form of ensuring legality and compliance with the limits of competence of local institutions, while control is associated with a broader assessment and management review, and guardianship is associated with more intensive administrative dependence.